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Caesarean Section

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What Is a Cesarean Section (C-Section)?

A cesarean section, or C-section, is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby by making an incision in the abdomen. Your doctor may recommend this surgery in certain situations, such as when the health of the pregnant person or fetus is at risk, certain pregnancy complications arise, and labor fails to progress.

C-sections may be scheduled or done on an emergency basis. Most often, doctors use an epidural or spinal anesthesia to block sensations during a C-section. That's because using this type of regional anesthesia allows you to be awake and alert for your baby’s birth.

A cesarean can be a lifesaving procedure, but like all surgeries, it does come with risks. This article explains the purpose of C-sections, how the procedure is performed, the risks and complications, and expectations when recovering.

Purpose of C-Section

C-sections can be lifesaving surgeries that doctors usually perform in emergencies or circumstances where a baby would otherwise not be safely born. Since a C-section is a major surgery, Dr. Rada Jina recommends that they be reserved for situations where they are medically necessary.

These situations can include:
  • Compressed umbilical cord
  • Labor fails to progress
  • Abnormal fetal heart rate
  • Pregnancy of multiples
  • Placenta previa (the placenta lies over the cervix)
  • Placenta accreta (the placenta grows too deeply into the uterine wall)
  • A fetus that is too big to be born vaginally
  • A fetus in an unfavorable position (breech or transverse lie)
  • Diabetes
  • HIV infection
  • Active herpes infection
  • High blood pressure
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What is Appendix?

The appendix is a narrow, small, finger-shaped portion of the large intestine that is generally situated near junction of small and large intestine (Cecum) on lower right side of the abdomen.

Appendicitis

Appendicitis is a sudden inflammation of the appendix. Although the appendix does not seem to serve any purpose, it can become diseased and, if untreated, can burst, causing infection and could be even fatal.

Why Are C-Sections Needed?

Scheduled C-Sections

Some C-sections are scheduled if the doctor knows that a vaginal birth would be risky. A doctor may schedule one if:

  • the baby is in breech (feet- or bottom-first) or transverse (sideways) position in the womb (although some babies can be turned before labor begins or delivered vaginally using special techniques)
  • the baby has certain birth defects (such as severe hydrocephalus)
  • the mother has problems with the placenta, such as placenta previa (when the placenta sits too low in the uterus and covers the cervix)
  • the mother has a medical condition that could make a vaginal delivery risky for herself or the baby (such as HIV or an active case of genital herpes)
  • some multiple pregnancies
  • the mother previously had surgery on her uterus or an earlier C-section (although many such women can safely have a vaginal birth after a C-section

How Is a C-Section Done?

Here's a quick look at what usually happens during a scheduled C-section.

Your labor coach, wearing a surgical mask and gown, can be right by your side during the entire delivery (although partners might not be allowed to stay during emergency C-sections). Before the procedure begins, an anesthesiologist will discuss what will be done so that you don't feel pain during the C-section.

To prepare for the delivery, you'll probably have:

  • various monitors in place to keep an eye on your heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure
  • your mouth and nose covered with an oxygen mask or a tube placed in your nostrils to give you oxygen
  • a catheter (a thin tube) inserted into your bladder through your urethra (which may be uncomfortable when it's placed, but should not be painful)
  • an IV in your arm or hand
  • your belly washed and any hair between the bellybutton and pubic bone shaved
  • a privacy screen put around your belly
  • After anesthesia is given, the doctor makes an incision on the skin of the abdomen — usually horizontally (1–2 inches above the pubic hairline, sometimes called "the bikini cut").
The doctor then gently parts the abdominal muscles to get to the uterus, where he or she will make another incision in the uterus itself. This incision can be vertical or horizontal. Doctors usually use a horizontal incision in the uterus, also called transverse, which heals better and makes a VBAC much more possible.

After the uterine incision is made, the baby is gently pulled out. The doctor suctions the baby's mouth and nose, then clamps and cuts the umbilical cord. As with a vaginal birth, you should be able to see your baby right away. Then, the little one is handed over to the nurse or doctor who will be taking care of your newborn for a few minutes (or longer, if there are concerns).

The obstetrician then removes the placenta from the uterus, closes the uterus with dissolvable stitches, and closes the abdominal incision with stitches or surgical staples that are usually removed, painlessly, a few days later.

If the baby is doing OK, you can hold and/or nurse your newborn in the recovery room. You may need help holding the baby on the breast if you have to stay lying down flat.